A. V. Kuttimalu Amma

A V Kuttimalu Amma was born in Anakkara Vadakkathu family of Ponnani Taluq in Malabar, in 1905. She was a courageous freedom fighter and a prominent leader. Her husband was the former KPCC President and Minister in Madras state, K. Madhava Menon. Entering public life as a swadeshi and Khadi worker in 1930, Kuttimalu Amma soon became a popular figure. She led groups of women in the picketing of foreign cloth- shops in Kozhikode in the year 1931.During the Civil-Disobedience Movement; she was arrested and convicted for two years. When she was restricted from taking her two month old baby with her to prison, she argued effectively quoting the law, and succeeded in carrying the child with her. She was again locked up in the Presidency jail during the Quit India Movement. In 1944 she became the president of KPCC and took up the task of organizing Congress in Malabar. She served as a member of AICC and congress working committee. She also worked as the Director of Mathrubhumi for some time. She passed away in 1986.

Ammu Swaminadhan

Ammu Swaminadhan is one of the eminent freedom fighter of Kerala. She followed principles of Mahatma Gandhi and participated in freedom struggle without violence.This made het to occupy good place in hearts of people of Kerala.She is an active member of Constituent Assembly of India and Rajya sabha.It is responsibility of each and every citizen to preserve the freedom of our country, which was given to us by our ancestors. Let us remember the selfless sacrifice of freedom strugglers' atleast on the Independence Day.

Accamma Cherian

Accamma Cherian is one of the iron ladies of Kerala. She studied well and joined
in a middle school, as teacher. Her hard work promoted her as a headmistress, in which
school she worked as teacher. At one stage, activities of Portuguese and British became
malicious. They crossed their boundary levels and started to torture the people without
pity. This event created fire inside her. Immediately, she resigned her job and participated
in freedom struggle events. On 1938, National congress party was banned in Kerala. To
convey the opposition for this act, she collected the people and directed a rally from
Thampanoor to the Kowdiar Palace of kerala. British government announced the firing
order for this doings. She requested them to kill her first. This made the British police to
put off the shooting order. For this activity, she was named as the Jhansi Rani of
Travancore by Mahatma Gandhi. This is just a simple sample to tell about her affection
towards nation. Until her death she fought against the people, who worked opposite to the
Indian nation.

Before Independence, Pakistan is also part of India. Kerala is one of the cutest
states in India during ancient time, now and forever. People from this area actively took
part in the freedom struggle. Despite of gender both female and male participated in
various events in opposite to the Portuguese, who ruled the Kerala state. They are not only
fought against the Portuguese, but also against the cruel acts of the British people

Shanar Agitation in Travancore

The Shanars were fisher folk who lived in the coastal areas of South Travncore.They fought a struggle to secure social justice.Their women folk were not permitted to wear upper garments, a right enjoyed by the upper caste Hindus. Col. Munroe had already issued an order permitting the Shanar women who became converts to Christianity to wear upper jackets.The Shanars were not sastisfied with this.They wanted this privilege to all their women folk.They began to appear in public wearing an additional scarf like the Hindus.This action of the Shanars provoked the upper caste Hindus who resorted to penalized the Shanars. As it became a law and order problem, police and military forces had to be rushed to the area.The Shanar agitation eventually led to the Royal Proclamation of 26th July 1859, abolishing all restrictions in the matter of dress by Shanar women.The Shanar agitation is a typical instance that illustrates how the social changes of a far-reaching character could be introduced partly on the initiative of the administration and partly under the pressure of circumstances.

Civil Disobedience Movement and Quit India Struggle

Salt Satyagraha.

 In the background of the Lahore session of the Congress Gandhiji conducted the
Dandi March which was attended among others, by four volunteers from Kerala.The day
when Gandhiji broke the salt laws (6th April,1930) was observed in Kerala as a national
day.The K.P.C.C. took the decision to organise Salt Satyagraha in Malabar and Payyannur
was chosen as the main venue.Under the leadership of Kelappan 32 volunteers from
Kozhikode moved to Payyannur on foot and broke the salt law on the beach on 21st April,
1930. Another batch came from Palakkad under TR Krishnaswamy Aiyar, Moidu
Maulavi and M.Abdul Rehman participated in the event.Satyagrahis from all directions
thronged the Payyannur beach and the Malabar village drew all India attention. Initially
the British ignored the agitation.But with the arrest of Gandhiji (5th May) the Government
resorted to suppress the movement. Kelappan was arrested and the camp was raided.Govt
adopted repressive measures.But people including students began to participate in the
campaign.The movement came to an end with the Gandhi Irwin Pact of 4
th March, 1931.

Quit India Movement. 

The Quit India movement though vehement in North India, was relatively low in
Malabar.It never developed in to a mass uprising in Kerala.However some important
developments had taken place in the course of the movement in Kerala.The formation of a
new socialist group under G.B. Menon was one such event. This group organised meeting
and procession in several parts of Malabar. Schools, colleges and courts of law were
picketed.When government adopted repressive measures, the movement went under
ground.This led to the Keezhariyur Bomb case.A secret journal called Swatantra
Bharatam was published from underground.
The Quit India agitation in Kerala did not develop in to a mass movement because
(a) the change in the policy of the Communist Party. Earlier the party advocated mass
struggle against the British.But when USSR entered the World War, it became a people’s
war to them and they advocated collaboration with the British.They opposed Quit India
movement.(b) the Muslims stayed away from the Quit India movement.So the Quit India
movement had no mass basis in Kerala.

MALABAR REBELLION (1921)

The Malabar Rebellion was an important episode in the history of freedom
movement in our country.It may be considered as a turning point in the history of Kerala
as all further developments in the national movement in Kerala bore the marks of the
Rebellion.As it seriously disturbed the relationship between the Hindus and Muslims in
Kerala and cast a shodow of gloom over the whole freedom movement, it has been viewed
as the most tragic episode in our freedom struggle. It is so-called as the Malabar rebellion
because the chief area of the disturbance was in Malabar.It is called as the Moplah
rebellion because most of the participants belonged to Mappila community. As it was an
outburst against the British imperialism it has been invested with the halo of a revolt or
rebellion. As it aimed at the expulsion of the British rule at least insome areas. It becomes
part of the freedom struggle.
The nature and character of the Malabar upheaval is a point of controversy among
historians.There are broadly three views about the origin and character of the
Rebellion.According to the nationalist school of historians; it was an anti-imperialist
struggle, a political uprising of the mappilas against police repression. According to the
Marxist school of thought, it was an agrarian outbreak, purely economic in nature. As the
Mappila tenants were oppressed by the Hindu Janmis and the British officials, the tenants
rose in revolt.The third school of thought regard the upsurge as a communal flare up or
rather an outburst of religious fanaticims.The atrocities were committed by the Muslims
and the victims were the Hindus.In fact the Rebellion was the result of the combined
operation of political, economic and communal factors.It was at once anti British, agrarian
and communal.

The underlying causes of the outbreak were political, social and ideological.The
policy of repression adopted by the British government against the non co-operators
including the Khilafatists was an important reason.The Moplahs reacted violently against
the police oppression.The social cohesion of the Moplahs as the community, their militant
tradition and organisational skill also caused the upheaval.The Hindu Muslim
misunderstanding and the ideological factors and political aspirations of the rebels also
resulted in the outburst.
The events that paved the way for the rebellion are mainly political. When the
Turkish Sultan was deprived of his authority as Caliph.Gandhiji started the Khilafat
movement in India in order to bring the Indian Muslims to the nationalist cause.In
Malabar, the Khilafatists had their stronger adherents in the Eranad and Valluvanad
Taluk.When the movement progressed to such an extent as to creat alarm in official
circles, the Government brought these Taluks under Sec. 144 of the criminal Procedure
Code.Meetings were banned and the police began to arrest Congress and Khilafat workers.
The police attempt to arrest one Vatakkeveettil Muhammad on a charge of having
stolen a pistol from the Nilampur palace was the immediate provocation of the
uprising.Muhammad happrned to be the local Khilafat secretary.The attempt to arrest him
by the police was foiled by a crowd of 2000 Moplahs who came out with spears and
swords, killing several policemen and driving the survivors away. The police who came in
search of the Khilafat rebels entered the Mumbaram Mosque at Tirurangadi as the rebels
had taken refuge there. In the meanwhile the news spread that the mosque was
desecrated.There upon the Moplahs converged on Tirurangadi and attacked the police
station, looted government treasuries and burnt government records. For a few weeks at
least, the writ of the British government did not run in the area.The original leaders of the
Khilafat movement whether Hindu or Muslim faded away from the scene.

In the meanwhile the nature of the rebellion changed from political to
communal.Communal terrorist leaders took up the leadership.Varian Kunnath
Kunjahammad Haji became the defact authority in Eranad and Valluvanad Taluks.Styling
himself as the Amir of the muslims, Raja of the Hindus and Colonel of the Khilafat army
he became virtually the king and began to levy taxes and issue pass ports.Seethikoya
Thangal another leader maintained law and order and issued circulars as
governor.However Ali Musaliyar the priest of the mosque although assumed the title king,
instructed his followers not to molest the Hindus or loot their property.Khilafat Raj had
become a reality.The British rule was eliminated and a rebel autocracy dominated the
region.The rebels achieved a large measure of success in extinguishing British rule.In the
later stages however the Hindus were persecuted on the ground that they allied with the
British.However, the Rebellion was crushed by the British with an iron hand.The
Government rushed British troops and Gurkha regiments.Martial law was declared.A
series of encounters had taken place, resulting in the loss of lives. By November 1921, the
Rebellion was almost crushed.The rebels were captured and shot; many were imprisoned
or deported.

A corollary to the Malabar Rebellion was the Wagon Tragedy.The arrested rebels
were dumped in to a closed railway wagon and deported to from Tirur to Bellary.On the
way from Tirur to Coimbatore (10th Nov, 1921) 61 out of 90 inmates suffered from heat
and hunger died of suffocation.This incident came to be known as the Wagon tragedy
highlighted the inhuman methods adopted by the British to suppress the Rebellion.
The Malabar Rebellion produced far reaching consequences. It gave a set back to
the freedom struggle in Malabar.After the Rebellion, the Congress lost much of its popular
appeal.For a long time after the Rebellion, no public activity was possible in Malabar.The
Hindus and the Muslims began to suspect each other lost their cordiality.It paved the way
for the growth of communalism. It also reflected in North Indian politics.

NON-CO-OPERATION AND KHILAFAT MOVEMENTS

However winds of change began to blow in Malabar when Gandhiji assumed the leadership of the Congress in the 1920’s.The non co-operation movement made considerable headway in Malabar.There was widespread boy cott of foreign goods, courts of law and educational institution in the district. The non co-operation movement synchronised itself with the Khilafat movement and thereby acquired new dimensions.To accelerate the tembo of the movement, Gandhiji and Shoukat Ali visited Malabar.The Moplahs of Malabar showed their willingness to join the freedom struggle.The Ottappalam conference of 1921 gave full support to the non co-operation movement.It was in the course of these developments that Malabar witnessed of Moplah outburst.

HOME RULE MOVEMENT.

With the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, national movement received a
new impetus in Malabar.Home Rule Leagues were established in different regions in
Malabar.The DCC held annual meetings in 1916 and 1917.Malabar was visited by leaders
like Annie Beasant.Representatives from Kerala found a berth in the deputation of the
Home Rule League which visited Montague to submit their proposals for constitutions
reforms.Thus by 1919,there was considerable political activity in Malabar.However
organised work of a political natural was still in the offing.Political activity of a serious nature exited only among a few and it did not penetrated into or from the common man. Political views and campaigns were localised in Kerala until 1920’s.

CONGRESS IN MALABAR.

It was British Malabar that played a leading role in the freedom movement of the
country.The Indian National Congress had its adherents in Malabar since its formation in
1885.A few Keralites like G.P. Pillai,Chettur Sankaran Nair and Kayyur Nampiyar were
active participants of the congress movement Chettur Shankaran Nair was the President of
the Amaravathi session of the Congress in 1897, the only Malayali to achieve that rare
honour.However these Malayalis worked in their individual capacity and they never
represented Kerala as they lived and worked outside Kerala.The Congress convened a
conference in 1904 at Calicut and a D.C.C. was formed in 1908 in Malabar.Therefore till
1914, there was no remarkable activity of a political nature in Malabar.

TRAVANCORE STATE CONGRESS

The struggle for responsible government in Thiruvitamkur assumed a new turn with
the formation of the Travancore state Congress.It was felt that the Joint Political Congress
had fulfilled its objectives and a more broad based organization embracing all classes of
people should be formed to carry forward the struggle for responsible government.The
Haripura Session (1938) of the Congress endorsed the view that though congress should
abstain from active intervention in the political movements in the princely states,
independent organisations may be encouraged to carry on internal struggles. In accordance
with this resolve, a meeting held in Thiruvanantapuram in February, 1938 resolved to form
the Travancore State Congress with Pattam Thanu Pillai as its president.The new
organisation aimed at launching a movement for the achievement of responsible
government in Thiruvitamkur.

NIVARTHANA MOVEMENT.

This movement was one of the stormiest agitations in the history of modern
Thiruvithamkur.It is called the Nivarthana or Abstention agitation because the agitators
have decided to abstain from participating in the elections to the legislature.The genesis of
the Abstention movement can be traced back to the policy of discrimination followed by
the Government of Travancore in providing representation to various castes and
communities in the legislature and public services.Since the formation of the legislature in
1888, it was represented by the Savarnas while the bulk of the population comprising the
lower castes had no adequate representation in that body.As the main qualification for
voting was payment of property tax, the Avarnas got practically no representation in the
legislature.The legislative reforms of 1932 made permanent the property qualification.The
Ezhavas, the Muslims and theChristians apprehended that the new reforms, would secure
for them far less number of seats in the legislature than they were entitled to on a strict
population basis.They feared that the Nairs would get more seats than what they really
deserved.Therefore these communities demanded that they should be given representation
in the legislature in proportion to their numerical strength.
The passing of the legislative Reforms Act,1932 was the signal for the beginning of
a state wide agitation.The agitationists demanded reservation of seats to different
communities in proportion to their numerical strength.As the Government’s attitude was
not favourable the Abstentionists formed an organisation of their own to achieve their
demands.They called it Joint Political Congress or Samyuktha Rashtriya Samithi. In a
meeting held on Jan 25, 1933, the Samithi took the momentous decision to abstain from
voting in the elections to the legislature.Thus was born the Abstention agitation.As those
communities – Ezhavas,Christians and Muslims-formed about more than 2/3rds of the
population,the agitation had the characteristic of a mass struggle.The Abstentionists
carried on a vigorous agitation all over the state against the new constitutional reforms.It
was in connection with the Abstention movement that C. Kesavan delivered his famous
speech at Kozhencherry (11 May,1935) for which he was arrested and punished.
Although the government adopted a policy of repression, it conceded the demands
of the agitationists.It appointed a public service commissioner to ensure fair representation
to the backward communities in public services. It reduced the property qualification by
widening the franchise.The Government also agreed to allot a specific number of seats in the legislature for the three communities.The final outcome of this agitation was to break up the monopoly of political power enjoyed by the upper caste Hindus.It also marked the end of constitutional agitation and the beginning of direct action in politics. It also paved the way for the formation of Travancore State Congress and the Cochin State Praja Mandal. The agitation thus fulfilled its objectives.

EZHAVA MEMORIAL.

Ezhava Memorial is a memorandum submitted to the Maharaja of Travancore on
3rd Sept 1896.The Travancore Ezhava Sabha took the initiative in preparing and presenting
the memorial.It was signed by 13176 members of the Ezhava community.It pleaded for
among other things, the extension of civil rights and government jobs to members of the
lower castes and the Ezhavas in particular. It also pleaded for the opening of public
schools to the Ezhavas.It demanded that the Ezhavas be made beneficiaries of these rights
and privileges enjoyed by the converts to Christianity.The response of the government was
disappointing. Hence a second memorial was presented to the viceroy Curzon in 1900.It
enumerated the grievances of the Ezhavas and requested the viceroy’s initiative in getting
them redressed.The viceroy refused to intervene.Hence both the memorials failed to
achieve their immediate objectives.

These memorials followed the ancient Hindu customs of direct petition to the king,
yet they challenged the Maharaja’s way of governance.The agitations based on the
memorials marked the rise of the new educated middle class as a force to be reckoned
with.They symbolised the beginning of the modern political movements to be waged by
the lower classes for securing social equality and justice in Thiruvithamkur.

MALAYALI MEMORIAL.

The Malayali Memorial was a petition submitted too the Maharaja of Travancore on The New Years Day in 1891.It was signed by 10028 persons belonging to all classes and creeds. It drew the attention of the Maharaja to the exclusion of the educated natives from the higher grades of public service. It pleaded for the natives a fair quota of government appointments.It was drafted on the basis of a popular cry Travancore for Travancoreans’.It was really a fair plea for privileges and positions.Its formulators were G.P. Pillai and K.P. Sankara Menon.The Government have taken no immediate action.Its attitude was unhelpful and reactionary.Outsiders continued to be appointed.Nevertheless the agitation served its purpose namely to arouse political consciousness of the people.It symbolised the emergence of the new educated middle class as a force to be reckoned with. 

Cochin Praja Mandal.

The Cochin Praja Mandal is the embodiment of the struggle for responsible
government in the princely state of Kochi. Formed on January 26, 1941 under the
leadership of V.R. Krishnan Ezhuttacchan,it has as its objective the establishment of
responsible government in Kochi.Its proposal to hold the maiden session at Irinjalakuda in
Jan. 1942 was withheld by the Dewan. In spite of this about 3000 delegates attended the
session, but its President and a few others were arrested.
When Quit India movement was launched by Gandhiji, the Praja Mandal organised
several meetings and demonstrations.The leaders of the movement like Panampilly and
Ikkanda Warrier were arrested.The youth wing of the Praja Mandal set fire to the military
camps in Ernakulam.They published a secret bulletin named Samara Kahalam.As the Praja
Mandal associated itself with the Quit India movement, its image was boosted.In Kochi,
the legislative assembly was constituted in May 1948.In the elections held,the Praja
Mandal won a thumping victory and assumed office with Ikkanda Warrior as Prime
Minister on 20th September,1948.When the Cochin Praja Mandal merged with the
Congress in November,1948, the new ministry became the first Congress ministry in the
state of Kochi.Thus the struggle for responsible government in Kochi reached its
successful culmination.

NATIONAL MOVEMENT IN KERALA: Struggle in Cochi

The struggle for independence and responsible government in Cochi had its second
phase during the two decades of 1930 -1950.The state people’s conference held at
Ernakulam in 1928 had put forward the demand for responsible government in the
state.The Congress workers from Kochi had already taken part in the civil disobedience
movement in Malabar.The Congress workers in the state organised boycott of foreign
goods and conducted wolunteer camps. It was a period of economic unrest in Kochi.
The electricity agitation was the most sensational event of the decade. It was the
policy of the Diwan Shanmukham Chetty to entrust the work of distribution of electricity
in Trichur town to a private agency that led to the agitation.The people of Cochi wanted
the government to entrust the work to Trichur Electricity corporation, a company of their
own.The agitation was led by such leaders as Dr. A.R. Menon, E. Ikkanda Warrier and
C.R. Iyyunni.The government tried to suppress the agitations.Ultimately the agitation
fizzled out.The electricity agitation is important as a people’s revolt, although it was
confined to a limited area. It brought the Christians of Cochin in to the national
movement.

TEMPLE ENTRY PROCLAMATION (1936).

The Temple Entry Proclamation issued by the Maharaja of Thiruvitamkur on 12th
November 1936 was the crowning achievements of the movement for temple entry to the
Avarnas.Sri Chithira Thirunal issued this historic proclamation, opening the holy shrines
in the state of Thiruvithamkur to all Hindus irrespective of caste and creed.It is a sacred
document of History.It declared that there should henceforth be no restriction placed on
any Hindu by birth or religion on entering and worshipping at the temples controlled by
‘us and our government’.
The Proclamation is important as the first of its kind in India.Gandhiji hailed it as a
‘miracle of modern times’ and as a Smrithi which is the people’s charter of spiritual
emancipation’.It brought about a silent and bloodless revolution in Hindu society.However
it took more than one year to introduce the reforms in Kochi and Malabar.The Temple
Entry Authorisation Proclamation II of 1947 opened the temples of Kochi to Hindus of all
castes.This reform was further extended to the Malabar area by the Madras Temple Act
1947.With the dawn of independence untouchability has been abolished by legislation
through out Kerala.Thus the historic movement for the eradication of untouchability and
temple entry for the Avarnas in Kerala succeeded.

GURUVAYUR SATYAGRAHA (1931-32)

The Guruvayur Satyagraha was a memorable episode in the history of organised
agitations against untouchability.It was organised under the auspices of the Congress.The
Vatakara conference has decided to launch a campaign for eradication of untouchability on
an all Kerala basis.Guruvayur Temple became the venue of this Satyagraha.The
Satyagraha was aimed at opening the Guruvayur temple to all Hindus including the
Avarnas.The Satyagraha began on 1
st November, 1931 with the blessings of Gandhi.
Kelappan was the leader of the movement.The prominent leaders of the Satyagraha were
A.K. Gopalan, Mannath Padmanabhan and N.P. Damodaran.The uncompromising attitude
of the trustees of the temple.Viz. Zamorin led to the closure of the temple for a short
while, Guruvayur captured all India attention and the Zamorin was requested to concede
the demands of the Satyagrahis, but of no avail.
The Satyagraha entered a crucial stage when Kelappan began an indefinite fast unto
death in front of the temple on 21st September, 1932.It lingered on up to 2
nd October, 1932
when he was persuaded by Gandhiji to end up the fast and withdraw the movement.A high
light of the G. Satyagraha was the Guruvayur Referendum.A limited referendum was held
in the Ponnani Taluk to ascertain the views of the Hindus as to whether they favoured
temple entry for the Avarnas. The majority of the people approved the proposal for temple
entry.The Guruvayur Satyagraha failed to achieve its immediate objective, namely temple
entry for the Avarnas.However it created an atmosphere in favour of the eradication of
untouchability.Taking note of the sentiment in favour of temple entry. P. Subharayan gave
notice of a Bill on temple entry to be moved on the Madras Legislature.

VAIKOM SATYAGRAHA (1924-25).

The Vaikkam Satyagraha was the first major struggle for the eradication of
untouchability.The main leaders of the Satyagraha were T.K. Madhavan.K.P.Kesava
Menon, Mannath Padmanabhan, C.V. Kunhiraman and K. Kelappan.The Satyagraha was
part of a movement, which demanded temple entry for the untouchables.The Savarna Jatha
organized under Mannath Padmanabhan was one of the highlights of Vaikom
Satyagraha.It was organised by the Savarna Hindus.The jatha came to the capital and
submitted a memorandum pleading for temple entry rights to the Avarnas.The struggle
lasted for about 20 months during which the Satyagrahis were arrested and harassed in
many ways.The Satyagrahis demanded only for granting the right of passage to the
Avarnas along the approach roads to the temple.At last the Satyagraha yielded results
thanks to the intervention of Gandhiji.The approach roads to the temple were opened to all
Hindus, irrespective of caste.Although the declared objective of the Satyagraha was not
granted, the movement helpepd to influence public opinion in the state in favour of temple
entry.By 1928, approach roads to all temples were thrown open to all Hindus in the whole
of Thiruvitamkur.

KERALA SOCIAL ORGANISATIONS

S.N.D.P.Yogam(Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam).

The social reforms movements resulted in the emergence of a number of social
organisation in Kerala during the 20th century.The ‘Yogam’ (committee) formed in 1899
for the administration of the Aruvippuram Temple founded by Narayana developed into a
big organization called S.N.D.P.Yogam.(Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam).It
was formed at the initiative OF Dr Palpu and Kumaran Asan to spread the preaching of
Narayana guru. Later it became a representative organisation of the Ezhavas. Its annual
conference held at Aruvippuram in 1904 was blessed by Narayana guru himself. The
SNDP made substantial contribuition to the all round progress of the Ezhavas.

Nair Service Society (N.S.S)

The Social reform movement initiated by Chattampi Swamikal and others among
the Nairs paved the way for the formation of the Nair Service Society (N.S.S).It was
founded by Mannath Padmanabhan on 31st October, 1914.It was organised on the pattern
of the Servants of India society of Gokhale.Its motto was service to the community in
general and Nairs in particulars.It worked for the abolition of social evils of the day.It
became the representative organisation of the Nairs under the leadership of Mannath
Padmanabhan and a powerful force to be reckoned with in Kerala politics after
independence.

Sadhu Jana Paripalana Yogam (S.J.P.Y.)

The Sadhu Jana Paripalana Yogam (S.J.P.Y.) started by Ayyankali for the uplift
of the Pulaya community was transformed itself in Sahodara Sangham in 1917 and the
Pulayar Sabha in 1938.For the upper caste Nambudiris,there was the Yogakshema Sabha
founded in 1908.It agitated for the freedom of junior male members of the Nambuthiri
community to many from their own community, to popularise the study of English and to
abolish the Purdah system among the Nambuthiri women.Their ultimate aim was to make
Namputiri a human being.They published a journal called ‘Unni Namputiri’ to achieve the
goal of social revolution.These organisations formed as social organisation later became
communal and began to control the political development of Kerala, a negative and
reactionary development

MITAVADI. C. KRISHNAN.

As the editor of the Mitavadi, C.Krishnan worked for the abolition of the caste
system.He campaigned in great vigor for the eradication of untouchability. In
November,1917 he defied the order of the Malabar Collector denying freedom to the
Ezhavas and other backward castes to walk along the approach roads to Tali temple at
Calicut.This incident symbolised the awakening of a new vision among the depressed
classes.It focused public attention on the need for early removal of untouchability.

V.T. BHATTATHIRIPAD.

The Nambuthiri caste produced some of the outstanding social reformers in
Kerala.V.T.Bhattathiripad was one among them.His main sphere of activity centred
around the Namputhiris.He wanted to eradicate the evil customs and practices of the
Namputhiris.His motto was “make the Namputhiri a human being”.He was co-founder of
the Yogakshema Sabha and its youth wing Namputhiri Yuvajana samajam. He wanted to
uplift the Namputhiri women folk. He worked for widow remarriage and education of
Namputhiri women.For this purpose he wrote a famous literary work-Atukkalayil Ninnum
Arangatheykku. (From kitchen to the stage).This play helped the growth of awareness
about the evil customs prevailed among the Namputhiris.

VAKKAM ABDUL KHADAR MAULAVI (1873-1932).

Vakkam Abdul Khadar Maulivi was one of the great social reformers who
championed the cause of the Muslims in Kerala. Born and brought up in South Kerala, Maulavi became a scholar in Sankrit, Hindi, Arabic, Tamil and Malayalam.He was the
founder, printer and publisher of Swadeshabhimani.The newspaper under its editor
Ramakrishna Pillai raised a banner of revolt against the government.Maulavi also started
an Islamic journal ‘The Muslim’.He also formed the Islam Dharna Paripalana
Sangham.He also published an Arabic Malayalam magazine Al Islam in 1906. He founded
a printing press at Anchutengu in 1904.
Maulavi was an important social reformer of the Muslims.He realised the
deplorable conditions of the Muslims in Kerala and tried to eradicate the evil customs
among them.To educate them, a number of schools were started at his initiative.The
greatest contribution of Vakkam Maulavi was the starting of the newspaper
Swadeshabhimani. He was fortunate to get the services of no less a person than Rama
Krishna Pillai as its editor.Under their leadership, Swadeshabhimani fought against the
corruption prevailed in the Travancore administration.As the editorials severely criticised
the Diwan Raja Gopalachari, the wrath of the authorities fell on the editor who was
arrested on a charge of sedition and was deported from the state; the press was confiscated.
Thereafter Maulavi started the ‘Muslim’.In 1931 he founded the Islamic publishing House
and a journal Deepika.
Vakkam Maulavi is remembered as a great social reformer, a staunch fighter
against injustice, a great journalist and an up lifter of the community to which he
belonged.The progress of the Muzlim community of Kerala in the educatiuonal and social
field is largely due to the pioneering work done by Vakkam Maulavi.

Top Hotels in Calicut

The Raviz Calicut

Surrounded by shopping malls in the city centre, this upmarket hotel in a contemporary building is 11 minutes' walk from the Regional Science Centre & Planetarium, 3 km from Kozhikode Beach and 28 km from Calicut International Airport.

Cozy rooms provide complimentary Wi-Fi and flat-screen TVs, as well as sofas, minibars, and tea and coffeemaking facilities. A suite has a living room. Room service is offered 24/7.

Breakfast is free. There are 2 relaxed restaurants; 1 features a terrace. Other amenities include a bright, 24-hour cafe and a sports bar, plus an outdoor pool, a fitness room, a spa and a pool table. Parking is available.

Address: 5/3410, Mavoor Road, Kozhikode, Kerala 673004
Phone: 0495 222 1111

The Gateway Hotels

The Gateway Hotels and Resorts are designed for the modern traveller. Which is why we have a 24X7 attitude across services like dining and fitness. So when you feel like a quick bite at 1 am or a heart pumping jog at 4 am, we’ve got you covered

Address: PT Usha Rd, Vellayil, Kozhikode, Kerala 673032
Phone: 0495 661 3000

WestWay Hotel

Luxury beckons you at Westway Hotel. A 4 Star hotel, conveniently located at the heart of the historical cosmopolitan city Kozhikode, the land of Zamorins in the Malabar region of North Kerala. The Westway Hotel is ideal for both leisure and business travelers and is set up at the most convenient and up-coming location in Calicut, West Nadakkav on Kannur Road (NH-17), just before West Hill area, is about two km away from Calicut Railway Station.

The newly refurbished Westway Hotel has kept its warmth and welcome that has made it one of Calicut’s best loved hotels. The hotel now has an improved look, both internally and externally, and with the impeccable attention to detail and unerringly accommodating and discrete service it offers carved an identity of its own in fine hospitality in Calicut. The Westway Hotel is all set to make your stay in Calicut a memorable one giving you more amenities, comforts and certainly more value for money!

Address: Kannur Road, West Nadakkav, Kozhikode, Kerala 673006

Phone: 0495 276 8888

Malabar Palace 

Manuelsons' Malabar Palace is a perfectly blended Four Star hotel located in the heart of the City of Calicut, the capital of Malabar.

We are your perfect partner for your travel, be it business or leisure with all the facilities that you need to make your stay both pleasurable and productive.

Calicut's business and trading centers are just around Manuelsons' Malabar Palace.

Address: Manuelsons Junction, G H Road, Palayam, Kozhikode, Kerala 673001

Phone: 0495 272 1511

Park Residency

 Ramanattukara has a new hotspot Park Residency Ramanattukara, the new  3 Star Business Hotel with world class features. An oasis style, luxury and class, Park Residency is the most happening place in town with a host of features that lift you to an Unbelievable  experience. Whether you want to stay or hold a conference or host a party Or just want to dine out with family and friends, Park Residency is the place to be.

Address: Near Ramanattukara Bypass Junction, NH-17 Airport Road, Dist Calicut, Ramanattukara, Kerala 673633

Phone: 0495 244 3381

Top Hotels in Kochi

Marriott Hotel

Marriott International, Inc. is a leading global lodging company with more than 6,500 properties across 127 countries and territories, reporting revenues of more than $22 billion in fiscal year 2017. Founded by J. Willard and Alice Marriott and guided by family leadership for 90 years, the company is headquartered outside of Washington, D.C. in Bethesda, Maryland.

Address :   34/1111 N. H. 47, 
                 Lulu International Shopping Mall,  
                 Edappally, 
                 Kochi, 
                 Kerala 682024

Phone:     0484 717 7777

Crown Plaza Cochin

More rooms in more places than any other hotel company. IHG hotels provide more than 744,000 guest rooms globally, serving over 150 million guests each year. Our family of twelve trusted brands range from the friendly comfort of a city centre Holiday Inn® hotel to the luxury of an award-winning InterContinental® resort.

Address:   XI/641A, Kundanoor Junction, 
                   NH 47 Bypass,Maradu, Ernakulam, Kochi, Kerala 682304

Phone:      0484 286 5000


Brunton Boatyard

The Brunton Boatyard Hotel in Cochin is a great example of how to appeal to the masses by providing the best services at affordable prices. Located at Calvetty Road, Fort Cochin It is a unique 5 star hotel which has scored high in the tourist popularity charts. Spread over 3 floors with 26 rooms, its theme and decor identifies with the city’s past and culture. The rooms in the hotel are further divided into different types, for instance Deluxe Sea Facing With Breakfast, Sea Facing With Br

Address: 1/498, Calvetty Road, Fort Kochi, Kochi, Kerala 682001

Phone: 0484 284 6500

Vivanta by Taj Malabar

Work hard and play hard. Relax and energize. Ideate and confer. Evolve and transform. Revel in a spirit that presents the normal with an unexpected twist. Stylish and sophisticated, Vivanta by Taj delivers experiences with imagination, energy and efficiency.

Address: Willingdon Island, Kochi, Kerala 682009

Phone: 0484 664 3000

Holiday Inn Cochin

Located in the cosmopolitan city of Cochin, known as the commercial capital of Kerala. Holiday Inn Cochin is a Five Star Hotel located 40 Minutes from Cochin International Airport (CIAL). We are conveniently located on the NH 47 Bypass in close proximity of 3 ilometeres from Infopark, Kakkanad and Smart City.

Holiday Inn Cochin has contemporary designed 212 spacious rooms and suites. The features include Work Smart space with ergonomic chair, high-speed Internet connectivity, iPod docking station, tea/coffee maker and in-room safe which are key essentials for business and leisure travelers. We offer wide variety of dining experience with five food and beverage outlets. Masala, our full service buffet restaurant serves a sumptuous spread of international, Indian and local Kerala cuisine. Deli KC is the 24-hour coffee shop which offers a good selection of quick eats and various flavors of coffee/tea. Roma, the Italian specialty restaurant with live Pizzeria offers an a la carte menu for dinner, and lunch on weekends. Stadia, the sports bar is a great place to unwind over a drink with friends, play snooker and enjoy good music.

Guests can maintain their exercise regime in the Health Club, rejuvenate at the Jacuzzi, steam and sauna or unwind with a dip in the infinity pool. We have multilingual staff and a Business Center which offers a perfect base to do smart business.

Address: 33/1739 A, Chakkaraparambu Junction, National Highway Bypass, Vennala, Kochi, Kerala 682028

Phone: 0484 419 9000

Fragrant Nature

All Fragrant Nature Hotels have stunning locations and breathtaking views - the quintessential identity. In the travel maps and hearts of discerning travellers to the subcontinent, Fragrant Nature has set a benchmark for experiential travel. After making its presence with a standout 4 star backwater resort – a haven for Yoga & Ayurveda holidays, the group has added two more Hotels at Fort Kochi and Munnar. Vedic way of wellness in all its purity can be explored at all locations. Sourced from its own certified farms comes pesticide free, nutrient balanced food produces that at the kitchens turn to great flavours. Welcome to the world of experiential travel with Fragrant Nature.

Address: Bazaar Rd, Mattancherry, Kochi, Kerala 682001

Phone: 0484 221 3600

Le Meridien 

Providing an on-site night club and a beauty salon, Le Meridien Kochi is situated in Kochi and boasts 5-star accommodation. Those staying at the property can also take advantage of free Wi-Fi access throughout their stay. 

This modern hotel provides a range of facilities, including a kids pool, valet parking and 24-hour room service. A gym is available to those wanting to keep active while away. 

The air-conditioned rooms at Le Meridien Kochi are elegant and modern. They feature tea and coffee making facilities, bottled water and a mini bar. 

Those staying at Le Meridien Kochi can sit down to a unique dining experience at the in-house restaurant, suitably based for those who want to stay close by at mealtime. A selection of wines are available at the on-site wine bar. 

Cochin International Airport is a 50-minute drive from Le Meridien Kochi. Mattancherry Palace, Thamaramkulangara Sree Dharma Sastha Temple and Ernakulam Shiva Temple are only a short drive from the hotel.

Address: Maradu, Kochi, Kerala 682304

Phone: 0484 270 5777

The Gateway Hotel

The Gateway Hotels and Resorts are designed for the modern traveller. Which is why we have a 24X7 attitude across services like dining and fitness. So when you feel like a quick bite at 1 am or a heart pumping jog at 4 am, we’ve got you covered

Address: Shanmugham Road, Marine Drive, Kochi, Kerala 682011

Phone: 0484 667 3300

Top travel agencies in India

1. Cox and Kings

Cox and Kings not only provides solutions for personal travels, it also works on your professional travel needs. Whether it is a short trip or an office off site that needs to be arranged.

Link to the Website: www.coxandkings.com

2.Thomas Cook

Thomas Cook has one amazing option that not too many travel companies do justice to fully, foreign exchange. The prices the offer are brilliant and you will not find yourself complain about any of it at all.

Link to the Website:   www.thomascook.in

3. SOTC

SOTC gives you the option of fully personalizing your trips and holidays. Keeping in mind your preferences and your tastes in accommodations and travel options, they give amazing suggestions to suit what you want.

Link to the Website: www.sotc.in

4.Kesari Tours

Kesari has its option of group tours that works very well for people who like traveling in big groups. The site seeing options here are commendable and the tour guides are phenomenal at their work!

Link to the Website: www.kesari.in

5. Club Mahindra Holidays

Club Mahindra is exclusively for family vacations. They provide amazing offers for members. With the extensive number of hotels and resorts they have spread all across India, you will never have a problem hunting for accommodation, no matter where your destination is.

Link to the Website: www.clubmahindra.com

6. Expedia

This company works well for last minute planning. From car rentals to cottages, weekend getaways and elaborate trips, Expedia has worked its way around it all.

Link to the Website: www.expedia.co.in/

7. Yathra

Yatra too has associations with credit cards and there is a lot you can save up if you enjoy planning and booking your travel packages with yatra. In all honesty, the benefits are more specifically for frequent users of the service.

Link to the Website: http://www.yatra.com

8.Goibibo

This company has discounts and offers valid throughout the year. They work on international packages and have associations with a chain of hotels all around the world.

Link to the Website: www.goibibo.com

9 .MakeMyTrip

Make my trip has associated itself with HSBC bank, where in the travel credit card gives you several traveling and booking benefits. They offer packages with travel and accommodation combined.

Link to the Website: www.makemytrip.com

Top Shopping Sites

Amazon

Amazon is people’s favorite and holds the leading position in the list of best shopping sites in India.

Amazon is at the top level

It provides 30 days time to file the return.

You will catch all famous brands on its counter.

The customer has a good experience, as they do not face any issues related to refunds.

Free delivery on an order above Rs 599.

As it is structured as the counter of more than 5 crores product under the areas of fashion, home appliances, grocery items, books, gadgets, sports, mobiles, and electronics etc. The list is so long, and can’t be displayed here completely. Best customer care service is the basis of Amazon in India. We can say, it is the online store for the variety one can predict. With the amazing deals, it fulfills your requirement and enhances your shopping desire with great experience. Flipkart is the rival of Amazon in India.

Flipkart

It is an e-commerce company operating in India. It was founded in 2007 by Sachin and Binny Bansal. It is headquartered in Bangalore, India. It offers the same variety of products as its rival Amazon expect the grocery category. It is next to Amazon because the customer support offered by it, is not better than Amazon’s customer care. It can excel you in the direction of awesome shopping experience with great deals. If you have to choose between Amazon or Flipkart, choose the one that offers the deal which suits your style. It can confer other profits by offering good discounts in the festive seasons.

Majority of e-commerce companies are not able to manage growth and profitability simultaneously. The cash burn model of Flipkart is good to escalate valuation in the vague private equity market but in reality, the company will have to display actual profits and returns to investors to raise the value of funds.

Snapdeal

Another Indian shopping store, Snapdeal has also emerged as the leading site. It is quite famous on this list only due to its trust among the people. It has already created good customer relation. One can find great deals on this marketplace, that makes it popular. But if we talk about its customer service, it’s not that good.

Amazon, Flipkart, Snapdeal all have good investments which can be evaluated as $1 Billion or more. This money is utilized in the best way to add more and more customers. Snapdeal also offers discounts and boost other lucrative offers. While dealing with all this, these sites also lose money, and it will be shocking to know the great losses they sometimes suffer.

Myntra

It is at the top position in the category of fashion and clothing sites. As it provides a wide range of clothes along with the accessories. You can select clothes of all the brands on Myntra. Despite the fact, Flipkart acquires Myntra, yet it is an individual shopping unit. The lifestyle group includes clothes, footwear ethnic wear, bags, and accessories. The probability of finding the things needed is high on this fashion site. It will surely add value to your shopping with the exotic range it holds.

Lenskart

Lenskart is the eminent online site for eyewear. It offers the great collection of sunglasses, eyeglasses, and lenses. When you visit their market stores, you will see the stunning designs it offers, the same is applicable in case of its online site. You can explore various designs and styles in trend. Its 3D frame try tool is exciting. As with that, you can easily identify the style you want. You can also carry forward your shopping by applying 1000+ frame on your face without going to the store. The deals on lenses are quite catchy. Another fascinating thing about this eyewear online store is its first frame is free. It has created the revolution in the context of a fashionable range of eyewear.